However there is a dilemma because, as Manuel Castells (1996) anticipated more than a decade ago, while world systems of governance relate to the territorial spaces and structures of states, world systems of the advanced service economy are being mobilized in a borderless space that relates to the global relations of cities. The latter economic activity performed by ‘advanced producer service' firms operating at a global scale, has come to be recognized as having major importance for the prosperity of whole countries in the twenty first century, giving rise to concern on the part of states for the global competitiveness of their cities. 2009), provides empirical evidence of a distinct global shift in territorial connectivity to the world service economy produced by cities, bearing out the predictions of a number of late twentieth century writers (for example Dicken 1986). Analysis of the ‘world city network' since the year 2000 (Taylor 2001, 2004, Taylor et al. This paper takes a city-centred approach to the subject of globalization and competitiveness.
Introduction - Cities, states and globalization
(A) Building the World Trade Routes of States in C21st Globalization
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